in these cells were mitigated,1.5 fold better by the use of D-PDMP compared to PPMP. Finally, LCS gene ablation by the use of siRNA mitigated VEGF induced angiogenesis in these cells. In the present study, we document that D-PDMP may well inhibit angiogenesis by way of mitigating the expression of p-AKT-1 and mTOR expression in mice kidney. Collectively, our observations imply that the target of VEGF action is LCS leading to angiogenesis. And the inhibition of LacCer levels due to a decrease in LCS activity and LCS mass upon feeding D-PDMP contributes to the inhibition of angiogenesis and decreased renal tumor volume. In sum, these studies suggest that D-PDMP may be well suited to effectively and safely mitigate tumor growth and also neo-intimal proliferation following balloon angioplasty in rabbits and eventually in man. And this is substantiated from the works conducted in other laboratories wherein D-PDMP was shown to target LCS to mitigate various phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Clearly, D-PDMP is not a specific inhibitor of UGCG. Never the less, it is commercially available and its kinetics and bioavailability are known. It is not toxic and is well tolerated by experimental animals. It has been used widely and has increased our knowledge of the inter relationship between glycosphingolipid metabolism and various phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, the rapid turnover of DPDMP requires that some derivative of this compound and/or an alternative approach of its delivery may be Roc-A relatively more efficacious in mitigating tumor growth and angiogenesis. Tankyrases are enzymes catalyzing a covalent modification of proteins, poly ation or PARsylation. In the reaction the enzyme cleaves NAD + to nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, which is then covalently attached to an acceptor protein. Subsequent additions of ADP-ribose units lead to a growing ADP-ribose polymer attached to the target protein. Enzymes catalyzing this protein modification and sharing a homologous catalytic domain form a superfamily of 17 members in human. Tankyrase 1 and tankyrase 2 belong to the polymer (±)-DanShenSu sodium salt biological activity forming class of this enzyme family, but they have a unique domain organization separating them from the other members. In addition to the catalytic ARTD domain located at the
