er the Alg5 nor the nyctalopin bait and prey combinations showed either growth or expression of b-galactosidase. These data indicate that nyctalopin does not form dimers in yeast. The LRR Domain of Nyctalopin is Extracellular One of the limitations of the topology experiments in yeast is the fact that to obtain optimal expression of murine proteins, we had to replace the nyctalopin signal sequence with the S. cerevisiae invertase signal sequence. This could potentially alter the topology of nyctalopin. To provide additional support for the proposed topology we used a mammalian based in vitro transcription/translation system to evaluate post translational processing directly. Detection of the translated proteins in the system is based on incorporation of biotinylated lysine-tRNA, which is incorporated by the addition of precharged epsilon-labeled tRNA. This allows the use of streptavidin conjugated horseradish peroxidase or streptavidin conjugated AVL 292 cost alkaline phosphatase for detection of newly synthesized protein on western blots. Nyctalopin only contains 2 lysines, therefore luciferase, which contains 40 lysines, was inserted after the nyctalopin 
signal sequence to increase detection sensitivity . This should not disrupt function because insertion of EYFP at the same location generated a fully functional fusion protein. A second vector with luciferase fused to the C-terminus of nyctalopin, also was constructed. A plasmid containing PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189346 only luciferase was used as a positive control. First, we determined if nyctalopin is co-translationally processed by translating nyctalopin in the presence or absence of canine microsomal membrane. Nyctalopin is predicted to contain a signal sequence and with the N-terminus located in the lumen of Topology of Murine Nyctalopin the microsomes are disrupted by adding CHAPS, the protection is lost as can be seen by the generation of the 72.8 kDa cleavage product and the disappearance of the 113 kDa SlucNyc band. These data indicate that nyctalopin is oriented with the LRR domain in the lumen of the ER, which will result in this domain being present in the extracellular space once mature vesicles containing nyctalopin are fused with the plasma membrane. Discussion In the dark, photoreceptors release glutamate tonically into the synaptic cleft. The glutamate released binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor on DBCs or the AMPA/ kainate receptors on hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. Glutamate binding to the GRM6 receptor activates a G-protein signal transduction cascade that closes a non-selective cation channel on the depolarizing bipolar cells, recently identified as TRPM1. When there is an increase in light intensity, glutamate release from photoreceptors is decreased, which leads to reduced GRM6 receptor activity, inactivation of the G-protein cascade and opening of the TRPM1 channel, causing depolarization of the DBCs. The depolarization is seen in an electroretinogram as a positive going b-wave. Defects in this signaling cascade result in loss of the ERG b-wave, and a class of human diseases called complete congenital stationary night blindness or CSNB1. Previous data showed that mutations in nyctalopin predicted to cause a loss of nyctalopin in humans and Topology of Murine Nyctalopin mouse, result in the absence of b-wave in the ERG, indicating signaling between the GRM6 receptor and TRPM1 is defective. Our topological analyses of nyctalopin show that the entire LRR domain is in the extracellular space, sugg
