ce the velocity of cells in the gap closure assay. 2C-ALC cells still often moved as individual cells, and not as a cohesive sheet like MUM-2B cells. Overexpression of ALCAM was also not sufficient to enhance the invasive capacity of 2C-ALC cells, nor did it affect the survival or proliferation of the cell line. ALCAM-silenced Cells Exhibit Reduced MMP-2 One likely way in which ALCAM could promote an invasive phenotype is through regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. MMPs are zinc-dependent proteinases whose expression has been implicated in processes such as tissue remodeling and MedChemExpress PF-04447943 cancer metastasis. MMP-2, a 72 kDa protein also called gelatinase A, is the most abundant of the MMPs and is documented as a marker of poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Activation of MMP-2, and the additional gelatinase family protein MMP-9, allows degradation of type IV collagen basement membranes. MMPs are synthesized as pro-enzymes that must be processed to their active form by proteolytic cleavage. Pro-MMP-2 is recruited from the extracellular milieu and processed by a complex consisting of Type I MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; this process is known to require full-length ALCAM. Thus, we assayed MMP-2 levels in our panel of melanoma cell lines via gelatin zymography and western blot, where pro-MMP-2 appears as a 72 kDa band, and active MMP-2 appears as a,64 kDa band. In gelatin zymography, active MMP-2 appears as a clear, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202440 Coomassie-negative band of,64 kDa upon staining of the gel; the ��pro-MMP2��band of 72 kDa is also active in this assay, in the presence of SDS. Because the pro-MMP2 band was much more prominent in our conditioned media samples, we quantified this band as a measure of MMP2 levels secreted by cells; in many gels, we could see a faint,64 kDa active band as well, which tracked levels of the clearer pro-MMP2 band. Gelatin-clearing MMP-2 activity was strong in MUM-2B, C918, and M619 cells, all of which highly express ALCAM, but not in the ALCAM-negative OCM-1A ALCAM in Melanoma Motility and Adhesion or MUM-2C. Next, we quantified MMP-2 activity in the stable cell lines, sh5, sh6, and 2C-ALC. We found that MMP-2 activation was reduced in sh5 by nearly 80% compared to parental MUM-2B, control sh6 cells, and sh5rxd rescued cells. As expected from our previous results with the 2C-ALC cell line MMP-2 activity was not increased in 2C-ALC compared to parental MUM-2C; again, this suggests that ALCAM is necessary, but not sufficient, for an invasive cell phenotype in uveal melanoma. Pro-MMP-2 was detectable in MUM-2B, sh5, sh6, and sh5rxd cell lysates by western blot, indicating that even sh5 expressed this enzyme. Consistent with the decreased invasive capacity in sh5, the active form of MMP-2 was just barely detectable in sh5, yet was clearly present in MUM-2B, sh6, and sh5rxd. It is possible that sh5 ALCAM-silenced cells exhibit defects in both MMP2 secretion and MMP2 activation, based on our combined results. junctions. In HEK293 cells transfected with a negative control, scrambled shRNA, -catenin localization to cell junctions was not perturbed. ALCAM Expression Enhances Cadherin-mediated Cell-cell Contacts in the 2C-ALC Cell Line Finally, we 
addressed whether ALCAM expression would be sufficient to enhance the formation of cadherin-based adherens junctions in 2C-ALC cells. Parental MUM-2C cells exhibited weak, diffuse -catenin and N-cadherin staining, with few clear cell-cell junctions. Expression of ALCAM in the 2CALC ce
