Ternal packing of AT1 is disrupted, causing expansion of the middle of AT1 and increased movement of amino acids in this region. This expansion exposes amino acids normally not exposed toComparisons of AT1, AT2, and MAS Protein ModelsFigure 7. Molecular dynamics simulations of the multiple states of AT1 in activation. The Carbon alpha RMSD of Ang II bound at the multiple points of activation to AT1 (A). The graph shows that the buried position (cyan) yields an increase in Ical processes [28]. IL-6 enhances the production of CRP and TNF-a in overall dynamics of the AT1 receptor. The initial binding (purple) led to a transition in the simulation to yield a similar binding as the buried as the simulation neared 8 ns. B) The distance Title Loaded From File between two of the amino acids (326 and 618) found in the site of AT1 where the eighth amino acid (Phe) comes to the final photolabled interaction ?for each of the stages of AT1 activation. This shows that the binding of Ang II in the buried position causes a stretching (around 3 A), leading to opening of new interaction sites for protein interactions. The initial (purple) binding led to propagation and stretching of the receptor around 2 ns yielding similar values as that of the buried binding. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065307.gthe membrane, allowing for recruitment and/or interaction with other membrane proteins. The final position of the Ang binding transition is 16985061 seen with the photolabled experiments, while all other states of binding require different tools to visualize that binding state, as they are transitions rather than final configurations. Amino acid 622, which is adjacent to the aromatic residue 621 in the initial binding conformation, is present as a His in AT2. Mutations of this amino acid are known to affect ligandbinding [42]. AT2 does not have an aromatic amino acid at 724, which is required for interaction with the C-terminus of Ang II in AT1 [31]. This absence (with the addition of Phe 332) likely leads to a different migration from the initial state to the buried state in AT2. Variation in the final buried site alters the dynamics of a separate region of the GPCR, and thus opens a different possible binding site for recruitment of additional proteins. In our models, we also observed 23148522 very few amino acids conserved between AT1 and AT2 that would likely interactComparisons of AT1, AT2, and MAS Protein ModelsFigure 8. Activated vs. non-activated AT1. The average structure over the 10 ns simulations shown for either AT1 with Ang II free (gray) or in the final buried position (cyan). This shows that Ang II activation likely leads to shifting in helix 3, 5 and 6. This suggests regions of helix 5 (containing the largest movement of the helix) to likely recruit other proteins when Ang II is bound. Additionally some modification made in the intracellular region (due to the shifting of helix 3) could potentially modify intracellular activation. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065307.gwith the first amino acid of Ang II. Recent evidence suggests that Ang III may be the primary agonist of AT2 in the kidney [43,44]. Our model suggests that no amino acids have been conserved in the sequence divergence between AT1 and AT2 that would interact with amino acid one of Ang II. Amino acid two (Arg) of Ang II has been shown to interact with amino acid 712 (Asp) of AT1 [45] which is conserved in both AT1 and AT2, but not in MAS. MAS and its related proteins are not activated by Ang II [15]. Our models and sequence analysis reveal that the internalization process differs in MAS compared to.Ternal packing of AT1 is disrupted, causing expansion of the middle of AT1 and increased movement of amino acids in this region. This expansion exposes amino acids normally not exposed toComparisons of AT1, AT2, and MAS Protein ModelsFigure 7. Molecular dynamics simulations of the multiple states of AT1 in activation. The Carbon alpha RMSD of Ang II bound at the multiple points of activation to AT1 (A). The graph shows that the buried position (cyan) yields an increase in overall dynamics of the AT1 receptor. The initial binding (purple) led to a transition in the simulation to yield a similar binding as the buried as the simulation neared 8 ns. B) The distance between two of the amino acids (326 and 618) found in the site of AT1 where the eighth amino acid (Phe) comes to the final photolabled interaction ?for each of the stages of AT1 activation. This shows that the binding of Ang II in the buried position causes a stretching (around 3 A), leading to opening of new interaction sites for protein interactions. The initial (purple) binding led to propagation and stretching of the receptor around 2 ns yielding similar values as that of the buried binding. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065307.gthe membrane, allowing for recruitment and/or interaction with other membrane proteins. The final position of the Ang binding transition is 16985061 seen with the photolabled experiments, while all other states of binding require different tools to visualize that binding state, as they are transitions rather than final configurations. Amino acid 622, which is adjacent to the aromatic residue 621 in the initial binding conformation, is present as a His in AT2. Mutations of this amino acid are known to affect ligandbinding [42]. AT2 does not have an aromatic amino acid at 724, which is required for interaction with the C-terminus of Ang II in AT1 [31]. This absence (with the addition of Phe 332) likely leads to a different migration from the initial state to the buried state in AT2. Variation in the final buried site alters the dynamics of a separate region of the GPCR, and thus opens a different possible binding site for recruitment of additional proteins. In our models, we also observed 23148522 very few amino acids conserved between AT1 and AT2 that would likely interactComparisons of AT1, AT2, and MAS Protein ModelsFigure 8. Activated vs. non-activated AT1. The average structure over the 10 ns simulations shown for either AT1 with Ang II free (gray) or in the final buried position (cyan). This shows that Ang II activation likely leads to shifting in helix 3, 5 and 6. This suggests regions of helix 5 (containing the largest movement of the helix) to likely recruit other proteins when Ang II is bound. Additionally some modification made in the intracellular region (due to the shifting of helix 3) could potentially modify intracellular activation. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065307.gwith the first amino acid of Ang II. Recent evidence suggests that Ang III may be the primary agonist of AT2 in the kidney [43,44]. Our model suggests that no amino acids have been conserved in the sequence divergence between AT1 and AT2 that would interact with amino acid one of Ang II. Amino acid two (Arg) of Ang II has been shown to interact with amino acid 712 (Asp) of AT1 [45] which is conserved in both AT1 and AT2, but not in MAS. MAS and its related proteins are not activated by Ang II [15]. Our models and sequence analysis reveal that the internalization process differs in MAS compared to.
