N 4 in IschemiaImmunohistochemistry showed that exercise increased immunoreactivity in both hemispheres of the sham group, particularly in vascular structures, and exercise also increased the distribution of immunoreactivity around the buy Benzocaine LY2409021 ischemic region in the ipsilateral hemisphere (Figure 3C).DiscussionIn previous studies, we confirmed the expression of BDNF/trkB and NGF/trkA following focal cerebral ischemia [6,18]. In this study, we attempted to observe the changes in NT-4 and trkB expression following ischemic injury in the rat brain. We hypothesized that exercise changes expression of neurotrophic factors and their tyrosine kinase receptors. Our results showed that ischemia decreased NT-4 and trkB, a specific receptor of the NT-4 full-length protein, in the ipsilateral region; however, there were no changes in the truncated protein. Treadmill exercise altered the levels of NT-4 and trkB, increasing them more in the contralateral hemisphere. In terms of immunohistochemistry, immunoreactivities of NT-4 and trkB appeared to be most predominant around the ischemic area. These staining intensities became dense and smaller following exercise. These results suggest that NT-4 altered in response to ischemic injury, and treadmill exercise plays a role in the changes of neurotrophins and their receptors. Although NT4 is included in the neurotrophic family, NT-4 and trkB decreased, and their expressions in the ischemic brain were different. Since NT-4 has a high affinity for trkB, the function of NT-4 is supposed to be the same as BDNF, which also plays a role in long-term potentiation and plasticity [4,5]. However, BDNF in ischemic rat brain increased [6] whereas NT-4 decreased in the same experimental set in this study. These findings cannot account for the fact that the roles of NT-4 and BDNF are identical. Effects of exercise include a better functional outcome [6,18], exercise may increase neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, or have neuroprotective effects [12?4]. Duration and intensity of exercise are factors for promoting plasticity and enhancement of performance. Compared with voluntary exercise, progressive treadmill exercise was intense and lasted long enough to improve brain function [6,8,14,21,22]. As a result, treadmill exercise enhanced NT-4 in the contralateral hemisphere in an ischemic model andeven in control sham-operated rats. This supports idea that increasing neurotrophic factors contribute to functional recovery [12,13]. Immunohistochemistry showed more NT-4 immunoreactivity in the ischemic area compared to the non-ischemic region. Exercise concentrated the area of immunoreactivities in our experiment. It has been reported that exercise reduces brain damage in ischemic rats [23], suggesting one possibility that accounts for the concentrating area of immunoreactivities. Immunohistochemistry also showed that exercise increased trkB immunoreactivity, particularly in vascular structures. Exercise is known to be associated with regional angiogenesis [23]. There is no direct evidence to show that trk receptors increased in vascular structures. Trials for treatment with neurotrophic factors involving direct administration under pathologic conditions have been conducted [5,24,25]. Among types of brain injury, stroke is the most common cause that leads to death [26]. Studies of exercise as a rehabilitation program show that it can also change neurotrophic factors and trk receptors in the damaged brain [6,14,27]. Under experimental.N 4 in IschemiaImmunohistochemistry showed that exercise increased immunoreactivity in both hemispheres of the sham group, particularly in vascular structures, and exercise also increased the distribution of immunoreactivity around the ischemic region in the ipsilateral hemisphere (Figure 3C).DiscussionIn previous studies, we confirmed the expression of BDNF/trkB and NGF/trkA following focal cerebral ischemia [6,18]. In this study, we attempted to observe the changes in NT-4 and trkB expression following ischemic injury in the rat brain. We hypothesized that exercise changes expression of neurotrophic factors and their tyrosine kinase receptors. Our results showed that ischemia decreased NT-4 and trkB, a specific receptor of the NT-4 full-length protein, in the ipsilateral region; however, there were no changes in the truncated protein. Treadmill exercise altered the levels of NT-4 and trkB, increasing them more in the contralateral hemisphere. In terms of immunohistochemistry, immunoreactivities of NT-4 and trkB appeared to be most predominant around the ischemic area. These staining intensities became dense and smaller following exercise. These results suggest that NT-4 altered in response to ischemic injury, and treadmill exercise plays a role in the changes of neurotrophins and their receptors. Although NT4 is included in the neurotrophic family, NT-4 and trkB decreased, and their expressions in the ischemic brain were different. Since NT-4 has a high affinity for trkB, the function of NT-4 is supposed to be the same as BDNF, which also plays a role in long-term potentiation and plasticity [4,5]. However, BDNF in ischemic rat brain increased [6] whereas NT-4 decreased in the same experimental set in this study. These findings cannot account for the fact that the roles of NT-4 and BDNF are identical. Effects of exercise include a better functional outcome [6,18], exercise may increase neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, or have neuroprotective effects [12?4]. Duration and intensity of exercise are factors for promoting plasticity and enhancement of performance. Compared with voluntary exercise, progressive treadmill exercise was intense and lasted long enough to improve brain function [6,8,14,21,22]. As a result, treadmill exercise enhanced NT-4 in the contralateral hemisphere in an ischemic model andeven in control sham-operated rats. This supports idea that increasing neurotrophic factors contribute to functional recovery [12,13]. Immunohistochemistry showed more NT-4 immunoreactivity in the ischemic area compared to the non-ischemic region. Exercise concentrated the area of immunoreactivities in our experiment. It has been reported that exercise reduces brain damage in ischemic rats [23], suggesting one possibility that accounts for the concentrating area of immunoreactivities. Immunohistochemistry also showed that exercise increased trkB immunoreactivity, particularly in vascular structures. Exercise is known to be associated with regional angiogenesis [23]. There is no direct evidence to show that trk receptors increased in vascular structures. Trials for treatment with neurotrophic factors involving direct administration under pathologic conditions have been conducted [5,24,25]. Among types of brain injury, stroke is the most common cause that leads to death [26]. Studies of exercise as a rehabilitation program show that it can also change neurotrophic factors and trk receptors in the damaged brain [6,14,27]. Under experimental.
