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Exhaustion. After a 9 min rest, a blood sample was collected by
Exhaustion. After a 9 min rest, a blood sample was collected by means of a cut in the distal end of the tail to determine lactate concentration. Animals then performed exercise with progressively heavier loads [14]. The initial load was 2 of the body weight of the animal; the load was increased 0.5 every 5 min until exhaustion. After each load change, a blood sample was collected to measure lactate. The lactate minimumBotezelli et al. Diabetology Metabolic Syndrome 2011, 3:35 http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/3/1/Page 3 ofspeed (LMS) was determined using a second-order polynomial curve adjusted to the blood lactate vs. workload curve. The blood lactate concentration was measured by spectrophotometry [15]. The lowest lactate concentration on the curve (minimum lactate) theoretically represents the maximum exercise intensity, where lactate production and removal occur in the same proportions [16].Physical training Aerobic protocolblood sampling at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. The blood glucose removal rate (KITT), which was expressed as /minute, was calculated using the formula (0.0693/t/2) x100. The t/2 blood glucose was calculated by the leastsquare analysis of the curve of serum glucose contents, as long as a linear decrease after insulin administration was evident [18].Biological materialThis protocol consisted of the animals swimming in individual tanks that contained water at 31 ?1 for 1 h per day, 5 days per week. Exercise was performed with the 80 individual minimum lactate intensity overload LT-253 biological activity attached to the thorax of the animal.Strength ProtocolAnimals performed jumps in individual tanks with the water level standardized at 150 body length and a water temperature of 31 ?1 . Animals performed four 10-jump series with a 50 body weight overload attached to the thorax and a 1-min rest between series for 5 days per week.Concurrent protocolForty-eight hours after the last in vivo test, animals were sacrificed by intraperitoneal anesthesia (sodium thiopental, 40 mg/kg body weight). Two blood samples were collected via the liver portal vein. One sample was used to measure glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations by means of a commercial kit (Laborlab? S Paulo, Brazil) [19]. The other sample was used to assess TBARS concentration and to estimate catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Two liver samples were collected, one to determine the triglyceride concentration and the other to assess oxidant status biomarkers (TBARS concentration and catalase and SOD activities). Finally, fatty tissue was removed from the subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and mesenteric areas to assess the triglyceride concentrations.Oxidant Status Markers in the Liver Antioxidant System BiomarkersAnimals were trained using the aerobic protocol three times a week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays) and using the strength protocol PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437915 twice a week (Tuesdays and Thursdays).Metabolic syndrome markersBody weights, oral glucose tolerances, insulin sensitivities, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles and liver and fatty tissue triglyceride concentrations from multiple areas of the bodies of the animals were used as metabolic syndrome markers.Tests performed Oral glucose tolerance test – oGTTOral GTT was performed in animals after a 12-h fast. First, a blood sample was collected from the tail end (fasting). Then, a 20 glucose solution (2 g/kg body weight) was administered to rats by a polyethylene gastric tube. Bloo.

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