S morhua four,5,Cohabitation for 7 days Air exposure (three min) Thermal shock (from ten to 15 C in 30 min) Confinement pressure (i.e., lowering of water level) for 30 min7 7 72,eight 0.26.62 0.4.58 0.5.3Totoaba macdonaldiHandling (chasing using a net for 45 min) Hypoxia (1 mg oxygen L through 45 min)Dicentrarchus labrax8 Argyrosomus regiusInflammatory insult (intraperitoneal injection with an inactivated pathogen) Air exposure (three min) Confinement and netting (three min)141.12.24 g 16 g-1 N 0.07.11Solea senegalensis10 Methionine Sparus aurataHigh density (31 kgm2 ) Hypoxia (two.8 mg oxygen L through five h)390.44.05 manage; manage + 0.3 two.57.95 g 16 g-1 N Various amino acid mix Distinct amino acid mix manage; handle + 0.025 0.01.0 4Dicentrarchus labrax8 Synergistic effects of amino acids Solea senegalensisInflammatory insult (intraperitoneal injection with an inactivated pathogen) Repeated weekly handling (air exposure)14 14;Solea senegalensisHigh density (12 kgm2 )Vitamin CSparus aurata14 Sebastes schlegelii15,High density (12 Kgm3 ) Exposure to hexavalent chromium (i.e., 120 and 240 mgL)63 14;Vitamin ESparus aurataHigh density (12 Kgm3 )manage; manage + 0.025 0.1.14 0.000230.03116Huso huso17 Takifugu obscurusNetting and air exposure (i.e., 1.5 min) Exposure to ammonia-nitrogen for 48 h (i.e., one hundred mgL)48ArASparus aurata19,20,21,22,Every day salinity strain (fluctuating salinity over 24 h, from 25 to 40 and back to 25 )20;0.059.586 reside prey DW(Continued)Frontiers in Endocrinology | www.frontiersin.orgJuly 2019 | Volume ten | ArticleHerrera et al.Additives for Fish Anxiety MitigationTABLE 2 | Continued Additive Fish species Pressure conditiontreatment Feeding time, days 28; 50 18 240 72 Test doses Major effects on physiology and productivity Whole-body cortisol Dynorphin A (1-8) web levels Growth Plasmacortisol levels Plasma cortisol levels Plasma cortisol and glucose levels Gene expression in cell- and tissue-repairing markers, antioxidant enzymes, nuclear receptors and transcription components expression levels of PPAR and PEPCK Expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor 1 and two in liver Expression degree of genes associated to defensive response against virus, antigen differentiation and cytokines Final weight Gene expression of StAR and CYP11 Expression level of genes Aminohexylgeldanamycin site related to glucocorticoid receptor complicated Expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor 1 and two in liver Expression level of genes connected to defensive response against virus, antigen differentiation and cytokines Final weight Expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor 1 and 2 in liver Expression amount of genes related to defensive response against virus, antigen differentiation and cytokines Final weight Plasma cortisol levels in infected and stressed and infected groups Plasma cortisol levels in stressed groups Side-effects of anxiety on microflora profiles Plasma cortisol and glucose levels at 1 h following acute pressure No adjustments in plasma cortisol levels No effect on growth Survival immediately after air exposure No adjustments in cortisol levels HIF-2 in whole larvae GrowthAir exposure for 90 s Confinement: five in of submersion in dip-net Crowding stress (439 kgm3 ) Crowding stress (9000 kgm3 )0.15.75 Artemia DW 0.9.4 0.2.11 FA 0.13.31 TFASolea senegalensis24,25,Air exposure (two min) Chasing pressure test consisting of 5 min net chasing140.1.3 Artemia DW 0.5.eight TFA 0.5.eight TFADicentrarchus labraxHandling 20 larvae per tank out from the water within a scoop net for 1 min0.3- 1.2EPASolea senegalensis25,C.
