Furthermore, we show that co-treatment with mdivi-1 does not interfere with the anti-cancer properties of doxorubicin as assessed by MTT assay using HL60 cells. It is imperative to assess the effects of adjunct therapies, aiming to reduce the cardiotoxic effect, on the anti-tumour effects. Many cardioprotective strategies fail to demonstrate beneficial effects in clinical or in vivo settings as they interfere or reduce with the anti-cancer effects and thereby reduce the clinical utility. Collectively, our data show that co-treatment with the mitochondrial fission inhibitor mdivi-1 can ameliorate the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin without affecting its anticancer properties. These finding warrant further investigations in the relevant animal models of cancer. The AZD-9291 p21-activated kinase family comprises six sterile-20 group serine/threonine kinases. Sequence similarity and functional differences between the six members of this family has resulted in their classification as either type I or type II PAKs. The type I PAKs are functionally and structurally well-studied, and are directly activated by interaction with Rho-family small GTPases to function in growth factor signaling and regulation of morphogenic processes. In contrast, the type II PAKs bind the Rho-family small GTPases CDC42, RAC1 and RhoV, but are not directly activated by this interaction. AN3199 Instead, alternate mechanisms of activation and regulation have recently been discovered. The type II PAKs are important for signaling cascades that regulate cell survival, neurite outgrowth and formation of filipodia. PAK6 is expressed in prostate, testis, thyroid, placenta and neural tissues and is found in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of prostate cells. Androgen receptor is reported to be a downstream target of PAK6, and PAK6 can regulate gene transcription by androgen receptor via a GTPase-independent mechanism possibly related to control of its degradation by the MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Global deletion of Pak6 in mice results in increased weight and decreased aggression, possibly explained by its role in androgen receptor signaling. In addition, mice with combined deletion of Pak5 and Pak6 show deficits in locomotion, learning an
