No mothers had been taught STS (RRAny [STS care]: 1.28; 95 CI: 0.92?.79; RR> 2 h [STS care]: 1.64; 95 CI: 0.80?.39), thereby suggesting that mothers discussed their STS practice with each other [37]. Qualitative findings also indicate that KMC mothers support other mothers starting the practice on the ward. In South Africa, for example, KMC mothers supported each other on the ward in various ways: “they reminded each other about the importance of KMC for their babies; discussed how to comfort their babies, and how to kangaroo the infants properly, as demonstrated; and exchanged ideas on how to minimise discomfort” [22]. Similar experiences were found in Mozambique [59] and Mexico, Indonesia, and Ethiopia. Interestingly, “Support from staff or community health workers” was the fourth-highestranked enabler for practice across publications but fell to seventh when looking only at publications from LMIC. Although further research is needed, this finding, combined with the finding that support from family, friends, and other mothers is a top enabler to practice, indicates that the community may play a critical role in promoting KMC practice in low-resource settings. Going forward, it will be important for researchers and implementers to understand how the community can complement a facility-based approach to scale-up with community engagement activities, drive demand for the practice, and ensure infants receive quality KMC care.Physical environment and resourcing factors can be barriers to practice, but these are under-studied in the community setting”Issues with facility environment / resources” emerged as the top barrier to practice for mothers, and this factor includes an array of different issues. These issues included crowdedness and noisiness [22,50,60], lack of privacy [61,62], lack of food and supplies [40,54], and uncomfortable beds [13,22]. It is important to remember that, due to the nature of KMC guidelines, facility-related issues may be over-represented in these findings. Data regarding nurses’ barriers to adoption also suggests that resource-related factors, such as workload, play an important role in the implementation of KMC. It is also important to note that there is a paucity of information available on physical and resourcing barriers to practice for mothers practicing KMC in the community. Of the 103 articles included in this review, only 16 focused on community-initiated KMC or had a substantial focus on community-based practice and perspectives. Thus, although a lack of resources in thePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125643 May 20,14 /Barriers and Enablers of KMCcommunity, such as comfortable beds and readily available food, may be an equally common barrier, the data on this topic is currently limited by the focus of existing literature. Of course, SP600125 mechanism of action institution-initiated KMC is more commonly accepted as an evidence-based practice [3], which may account for some of the lack of research on practice Quinoline-Val-Asp-Difluorophenoxymethylketone web outside the facility. However, because facility and community practice of KMC actually represent a continuum, with infants moving back and forth between the two, there is still opportunity to study community barriers to practice, even within a facility-initiated KMC program [24].Directions for Future Research and PracticeThis systematic review prioritizes the main factors that influence KMC practice, and, in doing so, highlights some key areas that implementers and implementation researchers may need to focus on when pr.No mothers had been taught STS (RRAny [STS care]: 1.28; 95 CI: 0.92?.79; RR> 2 h [STS care]: 1.64; 95 CI: 0.80?.39), thereby suggesting that mothers discussed their STS practice with each other [37]. Qualitative findings also indicate that KMC mothers support other mothers starting the practice on the ward. In South Africa, for example, KMC mothers supported each other on the ward in various ways: “they reminded each other about the importance of KMC for their babies; discussed how to comfort their babies, and how to kangaroo the infants properly, as demonstrated; and exchanged ideas on how to minimise discomfort” [22]. Similar experiences were found in Mozambique [59] and Mexico, Indonesia, and Ethiopia. Interestingly, “Support from staff or community health workers” was the fourth-highestranked enabler for practice across publications but fell to seventh when looking only at publications from LMIC. Although further research is needed, this finding, combined with the finding that support from family, friends, and other mothers is a top enabler to practice, indicates that the community may play a critical role in promoting KMC practice in low-resource settings. Going forward, it will be important for researchers and implementers to understand how the community can complement a facility-based approach to scale-up with community engagement activities, drive demand for the practice, and ensure infants receive quality KMC care.Physical environment and resourcing factors can be barriers to practice, but these are under-studied in the community setting”Issues with facility environment / resources” emerged as the top barrier to practice for mothers, and this factor includes an array of different issues. These issues included crowdedness and noisiness [22,50,60], lack of privacy [61,62], lack of food and supplies [40,54], and uncomfortable beds [13,22]. It is important to remember that, due to the nature of KMC guidelines, facility-related issues may be over-represented in these findings. Data regarding nurses’ barriers to adoption also suggests that resource-related factors, such as workload, play an important role in the implementation of KMC. It is also important to note that there is a paucity of information available on physical and resourcing barriers to practice for mothers practicing KMC in the community. Of the 103 articles included in this review, only 16 focused on community-initiated KMC or had a substantial focus on community-based practice and perspectives. Thus, although a lack of resources in thePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125643 May 20,14 /Barriers and Enablers of KMCcommunity, such as comfortable beds and readily available food, may be an equally common barrier, the data on this topic is currently limited by the focus of existing literature. Of course, institution-initiated KMC is more commonly accepted as an evidence-based practice [3], which may account for some of the lack of research on practice outside the facility. However, because facility and community practice of KMC actually represent a continuum, with infants moving back and forth between the two, there is still opportunity to study community barriers to practice, even within a facility-initiated KMC program [24].Directions for Future Research and PracticeThis systematic review prioritizes the main factors that influence KMC practice, and, in doing so, highlights some key areas that implementers and implementation researchers may need to focus on when pr.
