IF formamidase from Helicobacter pylori (PDB accession code 2E2L), and Mus musculus nitrilase (PDB accession code 2W1V). Generated structures were improved by subsequent refinement of the loop conformations by assessing the compatibility of an amino acid sequence to known PDB structures using the Protein Health module in DS 2.1. The geometry of loop regions was corrected using Refine Loop/MODELER. The best quality model was chosen for further calculations, molecule modeling, and docking studies by Autodock 4.0 [28]. Sequence alignments were performed using the program ClustalX [29]. Charge distribution over the entire molecule surface was calculated using the Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver software [30], and the rendering of the 3D-structure and aligning were using the PyMol ver 0.99 (Schrodinger, Portland, OR).Secondary Structure AnalysisCD studies were performed to assess the conformational integrity of these nitrilases. All nitrilases exhibited far ultraviolet CD spectra, which exhibited a double minimum at 208 and 222 nm, indicating they were all a/b proteins (Figure S2) [32]. To compare the And 2B; Supplemental Figure 1).TNFa levels remained higher in IRAK-M2/2 cells Urine Astrovirus in Laboratory MiceTable 2. Cont.Hosting facility University M University stability of the proteins, the unfolding of the protein was then monitored by the change in ellipticity at 222 nm as the temperature of the sample increased (Figure S3). All transitions were found to be cooperative and irreversible and had thermal stabilities with Tm of 46.8 to 57.2uC (Table S4). This data suggests that these nitrilases maintain their conformation under mild conditions, suggesting their candidacy for biotransformations.Optimization of 18204824 ADPN HydrolysisThe ability of nitrilases to hydrolyze ADPN was examined. All nitrilases demonstrated ADPN hydrolysis activity (Figure 3). AcN demonstrated the highest activity for ADPN, 8.2960.05 mmol/ mg/min. AkN and BgN also displayed high activity, 5.8060.1 and 5.1460.04 mmol/mg/min, respectively. Modest activity was detected for KpN (1.9760.02 mmol/mg/min) and RkN (1.9460.01 mmol/mg/min). The remaining nitrilases ApN, TpN, GpN, and TpN all demonstrated low but significant ADPN hydrolytic activity, 1.2660.05, 1.2260.02, 1.1360.17, and RjNTable 2. Comparison of CCA and IDA production from IDAN by Wt-AcN and mutant M3 at different time points.0.5 h (mM) IDAN WT M3 60.7460.3 20.7360.75 CCA 31.1761.02 50.3760.15 IDA 13.1360.72 29.9460.1.0 h (mM) IDAN 59.3160.63 12.7860.36 CCA 29.2060.20 45.2960.12 IDA 16.5360.44 46.9760.2.0 h (mM) IDAN 47.0460.93 7.6160.04 CCA 26.2362.10 32.1560.38 IDA 31.7761.16 65.2960.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067197.tScreen and Application of Recombinant NitrilasesFigure 7. Time course analysis of IDAN biotransformation by (A) AcN and (B) M3 under optimal conditions with pH of 7.5, temperature of 35uC and concentration of IDAN of 105 mM, (open circles) IDAN, (open squares) CCA, and (open triangles) IDA. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067197.g0.2860.01 mmol/mg/min, respectively. Thus, ADPN can be used as a suitable substrate to determine the optimal reaction conditions of these enzymes. The effects of pH and temperature on each enzyme activity for substrate ADPN were assessed. AcN exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.0 (Figure S4). The optimal temperature was 40uC, and enzyme activity was rapidly lost above 60uC (Figure S5). Optimal activity of AkN, ApN, BgN RjN and RkN was observed at pH 8.0. GpN, KpN and TpN demonstrated optimal activity at pH 7.0. AcN, AkN, ApN, RjN and TpN were tolerant to acidic conditions. These enzymes maintained greater than 50 of their activity at pH 5.0. U.IF formamidase from Helicobacter pylori (PDB accession code 2E2L), and Mus musculus nitrilase (PDB accession code 2W1V). Generated structures were improved by subsequent refinement of the loop conformations by assessing the compatibility of an amino acid sequence to known PDB structures using the Protein Health module in DS 2.1. The geometry of loop regions was corrected using Refine Loop/MODELER. The best quality model was chosen for further calculations, molecule modeling, and docking studies by Autodock 4.0 [28]. Sequence alignments were performed using the program ClustalX [29]. Charge distribution over the entire molecule surface was calculated using the Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver software [30], and the rendering of the 3D-structure and aligning were using the PyMol ver 0.99 (Schrodinger, Portland, OR).Secondary Structure AnalysisCD studies were performed to assess the conformational integrity of these nitrilases. All nitrilases exhibited far ultraviolet CD spectra, which exhibited a double minimum at 208 and 222 nm, indicating they were all a/b proteins (Figure S2) [32]. To compare the stability of the proteins, the unfolding of the protein was then monitored by the change in ellipticity at 222 nm as the temperature of the sample increased (Figure S3). All transitions were found to be cooperative and irreversible and had thermal stabilities with Tm of 46.8 to 57.2uC (Table S4). This data suggests that these nitrilases maintain their conformation under mild conditions, suggesting their candidacy for biotransformations.Optimization of 18204824 ADPN HydrolysisThe ability of nitrilases to hydrolyze ADPN was examined. All nitrilases demonstrated ADPN hydrolysis activity (Figure 3). AcN demonstrated the highest activity for ADPN, 8.2960.05 mmol/ mg/min. AkN and BgN also displayed high activity, 5.8060.1 and 5.1460.04 mmol/mg/min, respectively. Modest activity was detected for KpN (1.9760.02 mmol/mg/min) and RkN (1.9460.01 mmol/mg/min). The remaining nitrilases ApN, TpN, GpN, and TpN all demonstrated low but significant ADPN hydrolytic activity, 1.2660.05, 1.2260.02, 1.1360.17, and RjNTable 2. Comparison of CCA and IDA production from IDAN by Wt-AcN and mutant M3 at different time points.0.5 h (mM) IDAN WT M3 60.7460.3 20.7360.75 CCA 31.1761.02 50.3760.15 IDA 13.1360.72 29.9460.1.0 h (mM) IDAN 59.3160.63 12.7860.36 CCA 29.2060.20 45.2960.12 IDA 16.5360.44 46.9760.2.0 h (mM) IDAN 47.0460.93 7.6160.04 CCA 26.2362.10 32.1560.38 IDA 31.7761.16 65.2960.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067197.tScreen and Application of Recombinant NitrilasesFigure 7. Time course analysis of IDAN biotransformation by (A) AcN and (B) M3 under optimal conditions with pH of 7.5, temperature of 35uC and concentration of IDAN of 105 mM, (open circles) IDAN, (open squares) CCA, and (open triangles) IDA. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067197.g0.2860.01 mmol/mg/min, respectively. Thus, ADPN can be used as a suitable substrate to determine the optimal reaction conditions of these enzymes. The effects of pH and temperature on each enzyme activity for substrate ADPN were assessed. AcN exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.0 (Figure S4). The optimal temperature was 40uC, and enzyme activity was rapidly lost above 60uC (Figure S5). Optimal activity of AkN, ApN, BgN RjN and RkN was observed at pH 8.0. GpN, KpN and TpN demonstrated optimal activity at pH 7.0. AcN, AkN, ApN, RjN and TpN were tolerant to acidic conditions. These enzymes maintained greater than 50 of their activity at pH 5.0. U.
