dismutases, glutathione and catalase are essential defense mechanisms against oxidative stress in the cell, and DJ-1 has been reported to be involved in the glutathione metabolism and SOD1 expression. Moreover it has been reported that DJ-1 is required for the transcription mediated by Nrf2, a master regulator of antioxidant transcriptional responses and that DJ-1 influences the transcriptional MedChemExpress RO4929097 activity of PGC-1a, a transcriptional co-activator of a variety of genes including antioxidant genes and a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. However, we found that expression of antioxidative enzymes, such as catalase, G6PDH, SOD1 and SOD2 is normal in DJ-12/2 MEFs. Mitochondrial PTP opening is traditionally defined as a sudden increase of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability due to the opening of a proteinaceous, voltage and Ca2+dependent, and cyclosporin A -sensitive permeability transition pore located in the IMM. The precise composition of the pore and regulatory mechanism of the pore opening are not fully understood, but evidence has indicted an involvement of mPTP in a number of pathological conditions including models of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Under these pathological conditions, prolonged mPTP opening results in 12 DJ-1 in ROS Production and mPTP Opening dissipation of D Ym, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, failure to synthesize ATP and release of intramitochondrial Ca2+ and mitochondrial proteins such as cytochrome c or Apoptosis Inducing Factor, though whether these events trigger apoptotic or necrotic pathway remain controversial. Mitochondrial calcium and oxidative stress have been reported as major factors influencing mPTP opening. Our findings of unchanged mitochondrial calcium and increased ROS production in DJ-12/2 MEFs suggest that elevated ROS production likely underlies the increase in mPTP opening, which in turn leads to decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. The fact that the antioxidant treatment restores 13 DJ-1 in ROS Production and mPTP Opening the defects in mPTP opening and mitochondrial transmembrane potential in DJ-12/2 MEFs and that ROS-inducers have the opposite effects provided additional support for this interpretation. Future studies will be needed to determine how elevated ROS production increases mPTP opening. The most surprising result of the current study is the lack 
of mitochondrial respiration defects in the absence of DJ-1. Prior studies reported that mitochondrial respiration measured using the OROBOROS-oxygraph and Clark electrode system is reduced in immortalized DJ-12/2 MEFs and in whole fruit flies lacking DJ-1 homologs but not in their heads. However, using both 14 DJ-1 in ROS Production and mPTP Opening primary MEFs and cerebral cortices from DJ-12/2 mice, we found that endogenous or substrate-induced respiratory activity is normal in DJ-12/2 MEFs, and that basal and maximal respiration measured using a more sensitive Seahorse Analyzer are also unaffected in the absence of DJ-1. Respiration in isolated PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201297 mitochondria from the cerebral cortex of DJ-12/2 mice at 3 months or 2 years of age is also normal, whereas loss of Parkin or PINK1 results in impaired mitochondrial respiration in similar experimental preparations. However, ATP production and mitochondrial transmembrane potential 15 DJ-1 in ROS Production and mPTP Opening are reduced in all three experimental systems lacking DJ-1. Prior reports have also shown that mitochondrial respiration defects
