Lusion, the concentration of ceruloplasmin was found to be significantly higher in the ascites fluids of intrinsic chemoresistant serous EOC patients, compared with those from chemosensitive patients. Although further validation with more ascites samples is needed to evaluate its utility, this finding suggests that ceruloplasmin is a potential prognostic biomarker for EOC patient responses to chemotherapy.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JL HH. Performed the experiments: YL MZ YF KH YH QH. Analyzed the data: JL HH KH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL YF YH. Wrote the paper: JL HH.
Sequence and stereo specific physiological DNA phosphorothioation occurs in many bacteria [1?]. In Streptomyces lividans 1326, a five-gene cluster, dndA , determines the modification [1]. Orthologs of these genes were found in 30 BMS-200475 custom synthesis bacterial species and one Archaea [2]. The dnd genes are usually located on genomic ER-086526 mesylate custom synthesis islands that were probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer [3]. Several of these gene clusters contain dndB-E homologues, but lack a dndA homologue [2,3]. In-frame deletion of dndA in S. lividans showed that the gene is essential for DNA phosphorothioation [1,4]. DndA was then shown to be a cysteine desulfurase involved in the iron-sulfur cluster assembly for apo-Fe DndC [5]. Salmonella. enterica serovar cerro 87 contains dndB-E orthologs that are called dptB-E [6]. There is, however, no dndA ortholog in the entire 20 kb genomic island that contains the dpt genes (Fig. 1A) [2]. Heterologous expression of dptB-E in E. coli DH10B [7] resulted in DNA phosphorothioation [8]. Since DndA is essential for DNA phosphorothioation in S. lividans, we hypothesized that there should be one or more genes in the E. coli genome that could provide the cysteine desulfurase activity known to be necessary for the modification. Searching for a putative dndA orthologue in E. coli BW25113 was easier than in S. enterica because of the availability of a comprehensive library of knockout mutants of all nonessential genes [9]. In E.coli, there are at least three different cysteine desulfurases: IscS, SufS and CsdA [10,11]. Here we showthat only one of them, IscS, supports DNA phosphorothioation in E. coli expressing the S. enterica dptB-E gene cluster. Protein interactions, which are likely necessary for DNA phosphorothioation, were detected between IscS and both DptC and DptE.Materials and Methods Bacterial strains, plasmids and primersBacterial strains, plasmids, and primers are listed in Table 1, 2 and 3. The E. coli BW25113 gene replacement mutants listed in Table 1 were obtained from Yale Coli Genetic Stock Center [9]. Among these, the iscS mutant JW2514 was not viable, and was 22948146 recreated by using the gene knockout method described by Datsenko [12]. For this, the neo-FRT (FLP, recombinase recognition target) cassette was amplified using primer P1 and P2, then H1P1 and H2P2. Successful iscS deletion was confirmed by PCR using the flanking primers U and D (Fig. 2A).Detection of DNA phoshorothioationPhosphorothioate DNA is sensitive to double-strand cleavage by Tris-peracetic acid (TPA) [13]. The phosphorothioation was detected by incubating DNA samples for 30 min at 25uC in TAE buffer (40 mM Tris, 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.8 mM EDTA pH 7.5) supplemented with 1.0 peracetic acid. Phosphorothioate DNA, but not normal DNA, shows Dnd phenotype, producing aIscS Participates in DNA PhosphorothioationFigure 1. Heterologous expression of t.Lusion, the concentration of ceruloplasmin was found to be significantly higher in the ascites fluids of intrinsic chemoresistant serous EOC patients, compared with those from chemosensitive patients. Although further validation with more ascites samples is needed to evaluate its utility, this finding suggests that ceruloplasmin is a potential prognostic biomarker for EOC patient responses to chemotherapy.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JL HH. Performed the experiments: YL MZ YF KH YH QH. Analyzed the data: JL HH KH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL YF YH. Wrote the paper: JL HH.
Sequence and stereo specific physiological DNA phosphorothioation occurs in many bacteria [1?]. In Streptomyces lividans 1326, a five-gene cluster, dndA , determines the modification [1]. Orthologs of these genes were found in 30 bacterial species and one Archaea [2]. The dnd genes are usually located on genomic islands that were probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer [3]. Several of these gene clusters contain dndB-E homologues, but lack a dndA homologue [2,3]. In-frame deletion of dndA in S. lividans showed that the gene is essential for DNA phosphorothioation [1,4]. DndA was then shown to be a cysteine desulfurase involved in the iron-sulfur cluster assembly for apo-Fe DndC [5]. Salmonella. enterica serovar cerro 87 contains dndB-E orthologs that are called dptB-E [6]. There is, however, no dndA ortholog in the entire 20 kb genomic island that contains the dpt genes (Fig. 1A) [2]. Heterologous expression of dptB-E in E. coli DH10B [7] resulted in DNA phosphorothioation [8]. Since DndA is essential for DNA phosphorothioation in S. lividans, we hypothesized that there should be one or more genes in the E. coli genome that could provide the cysteine desulfurase activity known to be necessary for the modification. Searching for a putative dndA orthologue in E. coli BW25113 was easier than in S. enterica because of the availability of a comprehensive library of knockout mutants of all nonessential genes [9]. In E.coli, there are at least three different cysteine desulfurases: IscS, SufS and CsdA [10,11]. Here we showthat only one of them, IscS, supports DNA phosphorothioation in E. coli expressing the S. enterica dptB-E gene cluster. Protein interactions, which are likely necessary for DNA phosphorothioation, were detected between IscS and both DptC and DptE.Materials and Methods Bacterial strains, plasmids and primersBacterial strains, plasmids, and primers are listed in Table 1, 2 and 3. The E. coli BW25113 gene replacement mutants listed in Table 1 were obtained from Yale Coli Genetic Stock Center [9]. Among these, the iscS mutant JW2514 was not viable, and was 22948146 recreated by using the gene knockout method described by Datsenko [12]. For this, the neo-FRT (FLP, recombinase recognition target) cassette was amplified using primer P1 and P2, then H1P1 and H2P2. Successful iscS deletion was confirmed by PCR using the flanking primers U and D (Fig. 2A).Detection of DNA phoshorothioationPhosphorothioate DNA is sensitive to double-strand cleavage by Tris-peracetic acid (TPA) [13]. The phosphorothioation was detected by incubating DNA samples for 30 min at 25uC in TAE buffer (40 mM Tris, 20 mM sodium acetate, 0.8 mM EDTA pH 7.5) supplemented with 1.0 peracetic acid. Phosphorothioate DNA, but not normal DNA, shows Dnd phenotype, producing aIscS Participates in DNA PhosphorothioationFigure 1. Heterologous expression of t.
