Allmarks of EAE-induced autoimmunity include MOG-specific T-cell infiltration into central nervous system tissues, which is accompanied by increased levels of Th17-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines (37, 38). B cells exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles during the course of EAE. B-cell autoantibodies specific for MOG can contribute to increased levels of inflammation and worsened disease (39, 40). For this reason, CD20 mAb-induced depletion of mature B cells once disease is established (at least 14 days post-MOG immunization) can lower disease scores, reduce demyelination of the CNS tissue, and limit MOG-specific T-cell infiltration into the CNS (41). However, B-cell depletion 7 days prior to MOG immunization results in the opposite phenomenon, with B-cell-depleted mice experiencing heightened disease as compared to mice treated with control mAb. Increased inflammation when B cells are depleted before disease initiation implicated a regulatory role for B cells during EAE. This Bcell-mediated regulation was attributed to B10 cells themselves because the adoptive transfer of B10 cell-enriched CD1dhi CD5+ splenic B cells normalized disease in B-celldepleted, MOG-immunized mice (41). Similar results were obtained when MT mice that congenitally lack B cells were immunized with MOG peptide and experienced worsened disease and enhanced Th1-derived autoimmunity compared to wildtype mice (6). Further studies of EAE severity in different mouse strains revealed that CD19-/- mice had worse EAE than wildtype controls, most likely due to markedly decreased numbers of endogenous B10 cells. By contrast, hCD19Tg mice had elevated B10 cell numbers and milder EAE disease severity than wildtype mice, thus confirming an inverse relationship between the abundance of B10 cells and EAE severity (25). Thus, B10 cells play a definitive role in the amelioration of antigen-specific T cell-mediated autoimmunity. The EAE model not only provides a physiologic means for assessing the role of B10 cells during autoimmunity but also allows for the investigation of B10 cell kinetics in the context of other immunoregulatory populations. Interestingly, B-cell depletion late in the EAEImmunol Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Candando et al.Pagedisease course lessened disease, but late ablation of Tregs significantly worsened disease (25). Similarly, B10 cells were evident in the CNS tissue before disease initiation and increased only slightly in the 28 days following MOG immunization. Tregs, however, significantly increased in the CNS during EAE and peaked at 21 days after MOG immunization. Collectively, these studies highlight an early role for B10 cells during EAE ML390 custom synthesis wherein B-cell-derived IL-10 prevents disease initiation. At later stages of disease, B-cell antigen presentation and autoantibody production may dominate the antiinflammatory effects of B10 cells. Although adoptive transfers of B10 cells confirmed the role these cells play in blocking early autoimmune inflammation, B10eff cells are also capable of blunting established disease (26). Adoptive transfer of 1 ?106 ex vivo-expanded B10eff cells at days ?1, 7, or 14 relative to MOG immunization significantly reduced EAE disease PNPPMedChemExpress PNPP scores in recipient mice when compared to those mice that received an equivalent amount of ex vivo-expanded nonB10 cells. These studies demonstrated the in vivo potency of B10eff cells, as they were able to significantly reduce disease at a time-point when previous s.Allmarks of EAE-induced autoimmunity include MOG-specific T-cell infiltration into central nervous system tissues, which is accompanied by increased levels of Th17-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines (37, 38). B cells exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles during the course of EAE. B-cell autoantibodies specific for MOG can contribute to increased levels of inflammation and worsened disease (39, 40). For this reason, CD20 mAb-induced depletion of mature B cells once disease is established (at least 14 days post-MOG immunization) can lower disease scores, reduce demyelination of the CNS tissue, and limit MOG-specific T-cell infiltration into the CNS (41). However, B-cell depletion 7 days prior to MOG immunization results in the opposite phenomenon, with B-cell-depleted mice experiencing heightened disease as compared to mice treated with control mAb. Increased inflammation when B cells are depleted before disease initiation implicated a regulatory role for B cells during EAE. This Bcell-mediated regulation was attributed to B10 cells themselves because the adoptive transfer of B10 cell-enriched CD1dhi CD5+ splenic B cells normalized disease in B-celldepleted, MOG-immunized mice (41). Similar results were obtained when MT mice that congenitally lack B cells were immunized with MOG peptide and experienced worsened disease and enhanced Th1-derived autoimmunity compared to wildtype mice (6). Further studies of EAE severity in different mouse strains revealed that CD19-/- mice had worse EAE than wildtype controls, most likely due to markedly decreased numbers of endogenous B10 cells. By contrast, hCD19Tg mice had elevated B10 cell numbers and milder EAE disease severity than wildtype mice, thus confirming an inverse relationship between the abundance of B10 cells and EAE severity (25). Thus, B10 cells play a definitive role in the amelioration of antigen-specific T cell-mediated autoimmunity. The EAE model not only provides a physiologic means for assessing the role of B10 cells during autoimmunity but also allows for the investigation of B10 cell kinetics in the context of other immunoregulatory populations. Interestingly, B-cell depletion late in the EAEImmunol Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Candando et al.Pagedisease course lessened disease, but late ablation of Tregs significantly worsened disease (25). Similarly, B10 cells were evident in the CNS tissue before disease initiation and increased only slightly in the 28 days following MOG immunization. Tregs, however, significantly increased in the CNS during EAE and peaked at 21 days after MOG immunization. Collectively, these studies highlight an early role for B10 cells during EAE wherein B-cell-derived IL-10 prevents disease initiation. At later stages of disease, B-cell antigen presentation and autoantibody production may dominate the antiinflammatory effects of B10 cells. Although adoptive transfers of B10 cells confirmed the role these cells play in blocking early autoimmune inflammation, B10eff cells are also capable of blunting established disease (26). Adoptive transfer of 1 ?106 ex vivo-expanded B10eff cells at days ?1, 7, or 14 relative to MOG immunization significantly reduced EAE disease scores in recipient mice when compared to those mice that received an equivalent amount of ex vivo-expanded nonB10 cells. These studies demonstrated the in vivo potency of B10eff cells, as they were able to significantly reduce disease at a time-point when previous s.
