S morhua 4,five,Cohabitation for 7 days Air exposure (three min) Thermal shock (from 10 to 15 C in 30 min) Confinement anxiety (i.e., lowering of water level) for 30 min7 7 72,eight 0.26.62 0.4.58 0.five.3Totoaba macdonaldiHandling (chasing having a net for 45 min) Hypoxia (1 mg oxygen L throughout 45 min)Dicentrarchus labrax8 Argyrosomus regiusInflammatory insult (intraperitoneal injection with an inactivated pathogen) Air exposure (3 min) Confinement and netting (3 min)141.12.24 g 16 g-1 N 0.07.11Solea senegalensis10 Methionine Sparus aurataHigh density (31 kgm2 ) Hypoxia (2.8 mg oxygen L throughout 5 h)390.44.05 handle; control + 0.3 two.57.95 g 16 g-1 N Distinct amino acid mix Distinct amino acid mix control; handle + 0.025 0.01.0 4Dicentrarchus labrax8 Synergistic effects of amino acids Solea senegalensisInflammatory insult (intraperitoneal injection with an inactivated pathogen) Repeated weekly handling (air exposure)14 14;Solea senegalensisHigh density (12 kgm2 )Vitamin CSparus aurata14 Sebastes schlegelii15,High density (12 Kgm3 ) Exposure to hexavalent chromium (i.e., 120 and 240 mgL)63 14;Vitamin ESparus aurataHigh density (12 Kgm3 )handle; handle + 0.025 0.1.14 0.000230.03116Huso huso17 Takifugu obscurusNetting and air exposure (i.e., 1.5 min) Exposure to ammonia-nitrogen for 48 h (i.e., 100 mgL)48ArASparus aurata19,20,21,22,Day-to-day salinity anxiety (fluctuating salinity over 24 h, from 25 to 40 and back to 25 )20;0.059.586 reside prey DW(Continued)Frontiers in Endocrinology | www.frontiersin.orgJuly 2019 | Volume ten | ArticleHerrera et al.Additives for Fish Anxiety MitigationTABLE 2 | Continued Additive Fish species Stress conditiontreatment Feeding time, days 28; 50 18 240 72 Test doses Primary effects on physiology and productivity Whole-body cortisol levels Development Plasmacortisol levels Plasma cortisol levels Plasma cortisol and glucose levels Gene expression in cell- and tissue-repairing markers, antioxidant enzymes, nuclear receptors and transcription things expression levels of PPAR and PEPCK Expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor 1 and 2 in liver Expression degree of genes related to defensive response against virus, antigen differentiation and cytokines Final weight Gene expression of StAR and CYP11 Expression degree of genes related to glucocorticoid receptor complex Expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor 1 and two in liver Expression degree of genes associated to defensive response against virus, antigen differentiation and cytokines Final weight Expression levels of glucocorticoid receptor 1 and 2 in liver Expression degree of genes associated to defensive response against virus, antigen differentiation and cytokines Final weight Plasma cortisol levels in Activators and Inhibitors Related Products infected and stressed and infected groups Plasma cortisol levels in stressed groups Side-effects of stress on microflora profiles Plasma cortisol and glucose levels at 1 h following acute pressure No alterations in plasma cortisol levels No effect on development Survival following air exposure No adjustments in cortisol levels HIF-2 in entire larvae GrowthAir exposure for 90 s Confinement: five in of submersion in dip-net Crowding PS315 In Vivo strain (439 kgm3 ) Crowding stress (9000 kgm3 )0.15.75 Artemia DW 0.9.four 0.2.11 FA 0.13.31 TFASolea senegalensis24,25,Air exposure (two min) Chasing stress test consisting of five min net chasing140.1.three Artemia DW 0.5.8 TFA 0.5.eight TFADicentrarchus labraxHandling 20 larvae per tank out with the water within a scoop net for 1 min0.3- 1.2EPASolea senegalensis25,C.
