00. To calculate the CO2 emissions per conference we assumed that a traveling author needs a single flight to get for the conference venue, plus the flight would connect the departure and arrival points of latitude w and longitude l by the shortest feasible arc, whose length d we calculate by using the Haversine formula [17]: d 12745:5952 arcsin sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w {w1 2 l2 {l1 2 sin 2 z cos w1 cos w2 sin 2doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066508.tMaterials and MethodsWe obtained our primary set of conference paper bibliographic details from the Scopus digital library by retrieving details of conference proceedings papers published over the period 19982008. We sampled the papers in a random fashion by selecting those whose author identifier system-assigned ten digit integerlast three digits ended in one of the following twenty combinations: 001, 111, 222, …, 999, and 120, 121, …, 129. The sample’s coverage decreases over the years, varying from a high of 5.1 in 1999 to a low of 1.8 in 2008. We ensured the reproducibility of our Scopus queries by limiting each query’s results to papers entered into the system before July 1st 2009, capturing in effect the state of the database on that particular day. For this we used Scopus’s (undocumented) ORIG-LOAD-DATE predicate, and specified as its argument the date measured in elapsed seconds (1,246,406,400) from January 1st, 1970 (the so-called Unix epoch). Because the results of each query were larger than the number we could download from Scopus, we divided each query into halves, based on the paper’s publication year.GS-441524 Thus a typical query pair would be pubyear bef 2004 and pubyear aft 1997 and srctype(p) and AUID(*120) and ORIG-LOAD-DATE BEF 1246406400.Our assumptions underestimate the actual carbon footprint per travel, as trips seldom use the ideal path, and flight connections add take-offs and landings that increase CO2 output. When applying the method described in the Act on CO2 Calculator Version 2.0 [18], we distinguished only between short-haul and long-haul flights at 3700 km and assumed that scientists travel only economy class.Canagliflozin To determine the geographical coordinates of the author’s and the conference’s location we used two gazetteers (geographical dictionaries): the us National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency’s (nga) database of foreign geographic feature names and the us Geological Survey (usgs) topical gazetteer files.PMID:35345980 We also used tables of large us cities from the us Census Bureau, and expanded country and administrative division codes according to the us Federal Information Processing Standard 10. In total, out of 63,034 papers in our database, of which 59,522 had data on both the author and the conference location, we fully geolocated 32,264 papers, pinning down 83 of the available conference locations and 61 of the available correspondence addresses. The travel emissions associated with presenting papers at a conference, the corresponding percentage over the total emissions, the average CO2 emissions for each paper, and the corresponding number of papers appear in Table 11 in terms of the author’s country and in Table 12 in terms of the conference’s country. Although we include only geolocated papers in our results, the rati.
